Question:
A New Manhattan Project for Nuclear Fusion?.?
Craig
2013-06-18 16:45:16 UTC
I propose that the United States Government launch a "New Manhattan Project" for the development of commercial Nuclear Fusion with the target of making Nuclear Fusion available for mass energy production by 2022.

Is this a good idea?.
Four answers:
Fred
2013-06-18 21:57:50 UTC
Until you delve pretty deeply into the nature of the containment problem for controlled fusion, it's all but impossible to comprehend just how huge a problem it really is. oldprof's analogy of a universal solvent is well-chosen, and it informs you how impossible it is, using ordinary matter as a vessel. So what has been done, going back to the 1960's and before, is to try to use strong magnetic fields to contain the hot plasma.



About the time oldprof reports having worked where research on this was being done, I was in grad school in physics. At my university, there was one such project -- a magnetic mirror machine. In this concept, magnetic fields are set up to cause the charged particles, while spiraling around the magnetic field lines, to bounce back and forth between the opposite ends of the device, where the fields are stronger, which makes the particles "reflect" at each end. Problem is, there is some inevitable leakage at each reflection, and because the reflections happen so rapidly, the plasma dissipates before anything useful can be done.



In the early 60's, the Soviets and the Americans each had a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) device to confine the plasma; the former called, Tokamak, the latter known as, Stellerator. Both designs were tweaked for many years, each one by both 'camps,' without eventual success. The problem is basically like trying to wield a million forks quickly and accurately enough to prevent millions of strands of spaghetti from escaping at high velocity.



Another idea was laser fusion, aka, inertial confinement, in which pellets of deuterium-tritium fuel are blasted with high-powered laser pulses to compress and heat them enough to initiate nuclear ignition. This is somewhat like squeezing a ball of clay very hard, simultaneously and uniformly enough from all possible directions to prevent any of it from squirting out due to even the slightest nonuniformities in the applied pressure.



Basically, there have been decades of theoretical and experimental research on this problem, at the cost of a king's ransom, and we're still very far from even knowing how controlled fusion can be achieved, or whether it even can be. So it's not like there hasn't already been an effort of Manhattan-Project magnitude on this, and it's difficult to see what more could be done, without committing far too much money and manpower to justify an uncertain result. What is needed to change that, is a truly novel idea, backed up by some unexpected experimental success. Failing that, the research should continue at reasonable, not Herculean levels of effort.



So far, the only method of containment known to be successful is gravitational containment, and all you need to construct such a fusion reactor, is about a solar mass of hydrogen.



It's called a star.
oldprof
2013-06-18 17:09:01 UTC
It's such a good idea, it's been done.



When I was a Research Associate with a National Lab, one of their major, highly funded, programs was to do the R&D for developing commercial grade nuke fusion energy supply. It failed miserably after spending a good sized budget allocation.



On the scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the most difficult of all possible commercial products to bring on line, commercial fusion is an 11. And the difficulty is encapsulated in one question, "What do you use to contain the universal solvent?" The mythological universal solvent, you see, dissolves everything...including potential containers. And that's what the heat and pressure from even the smallest of fusion reactions do, dissolve the fusion system and all the fuel.



And that little conundrum has yet to be solved. Not for the lack of trying. The lab I worked for was just one of several, throughout the world, working on it. Here, some forty years after I left the lab, no one has yet solved the universal solvent issue.
Gary H
2013-06-18 17:19:22 UTC
Anything is possible, only a matter of time and money. So... How fast do you want it done and how much money do you have to spend. If you look at the current value of what the Manhattan project cost at the time, you can start to get an idea of the scale of money this will require (and I recognize that there has been a considerable sum of money spent on fusion research already). As first answer suggests, fission is easy to control. We don't know how to create only a little fusion.
Charles H.
2013-11-05 10:16:13 UTC
I know a lot of resources have gone into this. Maybe if significant attention could be brought to the possibilities; like getting Wolf Blitzer or Anderson Cooper involved - urging great minds to focus on it - results would come. Think about the four minute mile, the genome project, and lately, the functions of each part of the human brain.


This content was originally posted on Y! Answers, a Q&A website that shut down in 2021.
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