You've asked a lot of questions here! But one thing is certain, you seem to have an interest in quantum physics. I think the following website will help you explore some of the topics you bring up further, and probably give you lots more intriguing questions to ponder!
http://www.krysstal.com/quantum.html
If you'd like a good author to read as well then check out Brian Greene - he writes some very interesting books on theoretical physics which have next to no maths in (to make them accessible to the general public) and are highly entertaining too.
Basically, the particles which orbit the nucleus of an atom are called electrons. They orbit with a negative charge, whereas the nucleus has a positive charge due to the presence of protons in it. As you delve deeper into the physics, however, you find that the electrons can be thought of as waves instead of particles, and that you can't really pin-point each on as having a specific point location. They're more like clouds, vibrating at a particular frequency. Also, they sit in particular shells at certain distances from the nucleus. Some can jump between atoms in chemical reactions and 'ionic bonding', and some can even be shared between atoms in special types of chemical bonding called covalent bonding.
It's all very exciting stuff, though it can get very bizarre and confusing the further you wander along the path. Do check out some websites though, it's a fascinating subject.